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Which Type of Armament Cooperation Do We Want/Need? The Case of Spain
ARES Group (with Félix Arteaga) This paper is the second of the ARES series titled “Which type of armament cooperation do we want/need?”. The purpose of this series is to explore how EU Member States envision the future of armaments cooperation, taking in account the objective to develop joint procurement as promoted in the European Read more
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Assessing Europe’s Resilience and Preparedness in an Era of Strategic Risks
The Hague Centre for Strategic Studies and CSDS By Hans Horan, Pieter-Jan Vandoren, Daniel Fiott and Jan Feldhusen with contributions by Davis Ellison and Frank Bekkers Europe’s security environment is increasingly shaped by “whole-of-society” shocks in which military threats intersect with climatic, economic and technological disruptions. This new reality demands that preparedness and resilience be Read more
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More Money, More Dependence? Financing EU Defence for Autonomy and Cooperation
Foundation for European Progressive Studies Europe is entering an era of unprecedented defence investment, with EU institutions and member states projected to spend nearly €6.8 trillion on defence by 2035. This surge comes amid a deteriorating security environment shaped by Russia’s war on Ukraine, growing transatlantic uncertainty and intensifying dependencies on non-EU defence suppliers – particularly the United Read more
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Beyond the Summit: Navigating the Future of NATO and European Defence
The Hague NATO Summit on 25 June 2025 will possibly go down in history as the moment when Europeans were put on serious notice by the United States that Washington was no longer going to subsidise European security. As a long-standing objective of the Trump administration, European allies were cajoled into accepting increased defence spending Read more
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Decarbonising Defence: Reconciling the Green Agenda with the Reindustrialisation of Europe’s Defence Sector
This commentary explores the intersection between Europe’s reindustrialisation of its defence sector and the European Union’s (EU) decarbonisation agenda. Russia’s invasion of Ukraine has accelerated efforts to strengthen Europe’s defence technological and industrial base (EDTIB), yet this rearmament drive occurs alongside legally binding climate neutrality targets. The commentary examines whether these objectives are in tension Read more
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Ties That Truly Bind? The Potential for Defence Industrial Cooperation between South Korea, NATO and the European Union
Europe and South Korea are increasingly aligned in their pursuit of stronger defence industrial resilience amid intensifying geopolitical competition and technological disruption. Both actors recognise that defence production is now as much about economic sovereignty and technological leadership as it is about security. Europe and South Korea stand to benefit from closer cooperation that diversifies Read more
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Daniel Fiott 